HISTORY

“Konzentrationslager Natzweiler” opened in May 1941 at a location called “Le Struthof”, in Alsace, which had been annexed. The Nazis decided to set up a concentration camp at this site to exploit the seam pink granite located nearby.

Designed to provide the Reich with slave labour, it mainly held prisoners of war, political deportees arrested for their anti-Nazi convictions, and Resistance fighters. It also held racial deportees (Jews, Gypsies), homosexuals and Jehovah’s Witnesses.

The deportees came from 31 countries and their numbers tripled in 1943, the year of the “Nacht und Nebel”, prisoners destined to disappear without leaving a trace. The logic of terror was complete with the installation of an experimental gas chamber and the commissioning of a crematorium.

Outside the Struthof site, the Natzweiler camp opened 70 satellite camps annexes, notably in Germany, nearly all dedicated to the war effort.

With the Allies’ advancing, the Nazis evacuated the deportees from the Struthof camp in September of 1944. When the American soldiers discovered the site in November it was completely empty, but the satellite camps continued to operate.

52,000 deportees went through this camp and its “Kommandos” between 1941 and 1945. Nearly 22,000 died – most of them from exhaustion, inhuman treatment or hunger, others from the pseudomedical experiments inflicted on them. The camp also served as a location for executing resistance fighters. With a 40% mortality rate, the Natzweiler camp was one of the deadliest in the SS concentration camp system.

THE SITE TODAY

The entire site belongs to the Ministry of Defence and has been listed as a historical monument since 2011. Since 1 January 2010, it has been placed under the administration of the Office National des Anciens Combattants et Victimes de Guerre.

Some 170,000 people visit each year.

At the former camp, visitors can notably discover four barracks, including the prison, the crematorium and a museum dedicated to the history of KL- Natzweiler. Photos, archived documents, objects and drawings enable the public to understand the camp’s founding, its organisation, the deportees and their everyday life, the satellite camps, the end of the camp, the trials, remembrance, etc.

The gas chamber, set up at the request of Nazi medical professors to undertake experiments, is located 1.5 km further down and can also be visited.

THE EUROPEAN CENTRE OF DEPORTED RESISTANCE MEMBERS

The European Centre of Deported Resistance Members (CERD) was inaugurated on 3 November 2005 by Jacques Chirac, President of the French Republic.

Designed to be a site for information, thought and encounters, it gives an introduction to the visit to the nearby camp.

Touchscreen kiosks, videos and photos laid out on 2,000 m² of exhibitions present the history of World War II, the resistance movements that rose up throughout Europe and the implacable killing machine set up in the concentration camp system.

The CERD sits above the “Kartoffelkeller”, a reinforced concrete cellar that is nearly 120 metres long, built by deportees. It has become a symbol of the oppression and the exhaustion suffered by the deportees through work and beatings. To this day, nobody knows why.

THE NATIONAL CEMETERY AND THE DEPORTATION MEMORIAL

On 23 July 1960, the “Memorial to the Heroes and Martyrs of Deportation” was officially inaugurated by General de Gaulle, President of the French Republic. A Memorial “Lighthouse” standing 40 metres tall and visible from the valley, it represents a flame and shows the emaciated silhouette of a deportee. The body of the unknown deportee, symbol of all the victims of deportation, lies in a tomb at the foot of the Memorial, along with 14 urns containing symbolic soil or anonymous ashes from the concentration camps in Germany. The National Cemetery holds 1,118 tombs of Frenchmen and Frenchwomen who died in deportation, at KL-Natzweiler or other camps.

THE STRUTHOF NATIONAL CEREMONY

Every year in June, the Memorial’s esplanade hosts the National Remembrance Ceremony, which is held in two parts: a wake is organised on Saturday evening, attended by the last living deportees, during which people in attendance are asked to take turns maintaining the flame. The official commemorative Remembrance ceremony is held on Sunday morning, presided over by a representative of the French State (Minister or President of the French Republic).

TRANSMISSION

Welcoming more than 90,000 schoolchildren a year, the European Centre of Deported Resistance Members fulfils an important educational mission: transmitting history, of course, but beyond that to increase each young visitor’s awareness of his/her role as a citizen. This provides an awakening to the fundamental values of “liberty, equality, and brotherhood”, and a call to vigilance toward the extremist and racist threats that continue to face us today.

School group prices (reservation required at least 1 month in advance)

> 1 euro / student

> Free admission for one accompanying adult

> Educational workshop +20 euros per class (in French)

> Visit +20 euros per class (in French)

Free teaching aids:

http://www.struthof.fr/

Discover, review, work in class:

http://visite-virtuelle.struthof.fr/

Contact : pedagogie@struthof.fr

KEEPING IT ALIVE

The CERD regularly organises meetings between deported resistance fighters and young people to transmit their stories and in turn to make them “Passeurs d’histoire” (History Transmitters): preparation days for the Concours National de la Résistance et de la Deportation (National Resistance and Deportation competitive exams), defence and citizenship days, participation in national ceremonies.

The CERD also proposes exceptional days year-round: European Heritage Days, military ceremonies, conferences, events, concerts, etc.

There is an area dedicated to temporary exhibits on the mezzanine in the reception lobby.

Free GUIDED TOURS of the former Natzweiler camp are available (outside school contexts):

16 April / 15 October, at 10.45 am and 3.15 pm

1 March / 15 April and 16 October / 23 December, at 10.45 am and 2.45 pm.

(on conditions, for information please call +33 (0)3 88 47 44 67)

The number of participants is limited to 100 people per visit. They should sign up upon arrival at the CERD reception desk. Partial accessibility for disabled persons. Proper attire required. Children under the age of 10 must be accompanied and placed under adult supervision. The management reserves the right to refuse admission to anyone who does not show respect for the site and the memory of its victims. Pets are not allowed. As a site of history and remembrance, the site of the former Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp must be visited with respect for its victims. Schools will be held responsible for any damage caused by their students at the historical Struthof site or its exhibits.

European Centre of Deported Resistance Members – Site of the Former Natzweiler Concentration Camp ONACVG

Departmental route 130 - 67130 NATZWILLER

Tél. : + 33 (0)3 88 47 44 57 - Fax : + 33 (0)3 88 97 16 83

email : resa.groupes@struthof.fr

GETTING THERE

Departmental route 130 - 67130 Natzwiller - Strasbourg 60 km - Rothau 8 km

Practical information

Struthof website

Tourisme 67   

The part of the blockhouse that you can see is only 10% of its surface area. Almost entirely underground, the command post of the Graf Spee battery is one of the largest bunkers in the region. 

Set over five floors and with 500 sqm of exhibitions, the one-way circuit begins beneath the reception, in the quarters of the 25 soldiers who defended the position.  In rooms restored to exactly how they were then, discover what everyday life was like on the Atlantic Wall, through captivatingly realistic decors.

The subsequent levels immerse you in the atmosphere of the war years in Brittany: blitzkrieg, Stalags, occupation, Free France, collaboration, Resistance, fighting for Brest, liberation, and so on. Numerous anecdotes make this a moving encounter with the men and women who experienced the war, right here.

Return to the daylight on the level of the observation stations and panoramic viewpoint, offering unique views of the entrance to Brest harbour, from the Presqu’île de Crozon to Ouessant.

The tour ends with a walk around the site, where visitors can see the other short-range defence blockhouses, together with a variety of impressive equipment.

Sources: ©Musée Mémoires 39-45

Tourist office: Boulevard de la Mer, Plougonvelin - Tel.: +33 (0)2 98 48 25 94

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, entre Haute-Loire et Ardèche, le Chambon-sur-Lignon et les villages alentours ont accueilli et aidé de nombreux réfugiés, la plupart juifs pourchassés dans une Europe sous le joug nazi. C’est pour transmettre les valeurs d’humanité et d’engagement qui ont permis ce sauvetage à grande échelle que le Lieu de Mémoire a ouvert en juin 2013.

Un Lieu de mémoire, d’histoire et d’éducation :

Le parcours historique s’organise autour des différentes formes de résistances : civile, spirituelle et armée. Il est complété par une salle mémorielle où des écrans tactiles permettent de visionner des témoignages de sauveteurs, réfugiés et résistants. Les outils multimédias facilitent la compréhension des événements, même pour les plus jeunes.

Le Service éducatif du Lieu de Mémoire propose toute l’année des visites et des ateliers pédagogiques adaptés aux différents niveaux scolaires. Pour les élèves, c’est l’occasion d’aborder la Seconde Guerre mondiale sous un angle différent. ?Catalogue pédagogique en lien

Sources : ©Lieu de Mémoire au Chambon-sur-Lignon - ©Luc Olivier – MDDT43

The organisation

Founded in 1997, the organisation behind the project to set up an Arles and Area Resistance and Deportation Centre (CRDA) has three aims:

- Promote the research, collection and conservation of any documents concerning the period 1939-45 in the Arles area, and collect personal accounts from Resistance fighters and/or deportees.

- Share local history of the Second World War, through educational activities for school groups and cultural events for the general public.

- Through that history, encourage people to think about the republican values championed by the Resistance: liberty, democracy and human rights.

The project

Made accessible to the young by the very way it is presented, the project of the Arles Area Resistance and Deportation Centre demonstrates a desire to establish a link between past and present, by recalling that democracy should never be taken for granted and citizenship and human rights must be defended everywhere, every day.

The centre’s goal is to encourage people to reflect on the ideologies and ways of thinking that can lead to dictatorship, fascism and the stigmatisation of certain groups.

The future CRDA’s permanent exhibition will be structured around five themes, in addition to an introduction and conclusion: the Vichy regime and occupation; resistance; repression and deportation; liberation; and the legacy of the Resistance.

Resource centre

The CRDA’s collections comprise:

- over 3 000 books, classified by theme;

- archives (pamphlets, posters, administrative reports, extracts of correspondence, etc.) and a photographic collection obtained from private sources, which are concerned with the history of the Second World War in the Arles area (36 communes);

- documentation;

- audiovisual documents (eyewitness accounts, papers, songs, etc.);

- collections of objects relating to daily life (wireless sets, school materials, etc.), the Resistance (underground printers, radio equipment, containers for parachute drops, weapons), occupation (Nazi armbands, German helmets) and the battles of liberation (weapons, clothing, etc.).

Learning activities

Approved by the education ministry, the organisation offers a series of educational activities about the Second World War in the Arles area, for primary, middle and high-school students.

These activities mostly involve a local perspective and use a range of media (living eyewitnesses, collections and archives, guided tours, educational workshops).

Cultural programme

The future centre’s cultural programme is already structured around two main events:

- The Journées de la Mémoire. In February and March each year, the organisation puts on a temporary exhibition on the themes of resistance and deportation. This involves carrying out new research into local history, and enriching and developing the organisation’s collections.  The ‘Remembrance Days’ are brought to life by a whole series of cultural events (concerts, films, conferences, talks, etc.) for a varied audience, organised in partnership with the town’s different cultural organisations.

- The Rencontres Internationales de la Photographie. Since 2013, in the summer season, the future CRDA’s exhibition spaces have hosted photographic displays on themes relating to peace, freedom and human rights, with the Rencontres Internationales de la Photographie.

Sources: © Centre de la Résistance et de la Déportation d’Arles et du pays d’Arles

Le musée de la Libération s’est installé au fort du Roule construit au sommet de la montagne du même nom qui domine la ville. Le fort, culminant à 117 mètres, a été reconstruit sous Napoléon III entre 1853 et 1857. Sa position stratégique, dominant la rade et formant un éperon central entre les deux seules voies de pénétration de l’intérieur des terres vers la ville (les vallées de la Divette et du Trottebecq), en faisait la clé de la défense de Cherbourg, d’où l’expression «qui tient le Roule, tient Cherbourg».

En juin 1940, il fut l’un des lieux phares de la Résistance française devant l’invasion allemande. Pris par les Allemands, le fort est transformé en véritable camp retranché et des souterrains sont creusés dans le roc. Cherbourg devient une forteresse. Le 26 juin 1944, après d’âpres combats, le fort est repris par les Américains, faisant de Cherbourg le premier port libéré de France. Pendant quelques mois, Cherbourg sera le plus important port du monde, avec 25 000 tonnes de matériel débarquées chaque jour !

En 1949, un historien local, M. Lemaresquier, lance l’idée de perpétuer sur ce  lieu les souvenirs du Débarquement et de la Libération de l’Europe. En 1954, avec l’appui de l’Ambassade des Etats-Unis, le musée de la Libération voit le jour avec un parcours retraçant l’histoire du port de Cherbourg depuis le Moyen-Âge et comprenant les salles militaires, plus spécifiquement dédiées à la commémoration de la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

En 1994, à l’occasion du 50e anniversaire du Débarquement, le musée est entièrement rénové et sa muséographie revue. Aujourd’hui, les collections, riches d’environ 500 objets et documents, s’étendent sur 780 m² répartis sur deux niveaux.
Baigné dans la pénombre, le sous-sol évoque l’Occupation, entre 1940 et 1944. Six salles racontent l’exode et la Résistance, la propagande, le quotidien des civils et les préparatifs du Débarquement. L’étage retrace, en pleine lumière, le Débarquement et la Libération. Il permet de découvrir le rôle joué par Cherbourg, premier port libéré, dans l’avancée des troupes alliées. En effet, la prise de Cherbourg, seul port en eau profonde de la région, constitue un objectif stratégique vital pour les troupes américaines débarquées à Utah Beach. La ville est libérée le 26 juin 1944. Elle devient alors le centre d’un impressionnant effort logistique : le port permet le ravitaillement du front par la route, le rail et le Pipe Line Under the Ocean (PLUTO) qui alimente les troupes en pétrole. Cartes, photographies, enregistrements sonores, maquettes, objets et multimédia évoquent l’histoire de la ville.

• Service éducatif : Visites en classe

Vous êtes enseignant et souhaitez venir visiter les musées avec votre classe ? Le service éducatif se tient à votre disposition pour préparer votre visite (maternelle, primaire, collège, lycée). Un nouveau parcours pédagogique pour le musée de la Libération est disponible en couleur.

Contact : Yann Lautridou

02 33 23 39 54

yann.lautridou@ville-cherbourg.fr

Sources : ©Musée de la Libération de Cherbourg - Fort du Roule